233 research outputs found
Law without law or "just" limit theorems?
About 35 years ago Wheeler introduced the motto `law without law' to
highlight the possibility that (at least a part of) Physics may be understood
only following {\em regularity principles} and few relevant facts, rather than
relying on a treatment in terms of fundamental theories. Such a proposal can be
seen as part of a more general attempt (including the maximum entropy approach)
summarized by the slogan `it from bit', which privileges the information as the
basic ingredient. Apparently it seems that it is possible to obtain, without
the use of physical laws, some important results in an easy way, for instance,
the probability distribution of the canonical ensemble. In this paper we will
present a general discussion on those ideas of Wheeler's that originated the
motto `law without law'. In particular we will show how the claimed simplicity
is only apparent and it is rather easy to produce wrong results. We will show
that it is possible to obtain some of the results treated by Wheeler in the
realm of the statistical mechanics, using precise assumptions and nontrivial
results of probability theory, mainly concerning ergodicity and limit theorems.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
Compressibility, laws of nature, initial conditions and complexity
We critically analyse the point of view for which laws of nature are just a
mean to compress data. Discussing some basic notions of dynamical systems and
information theory, we show that the idea that the analysis of large amount of
data by means of an algorithm of compression is equivalent to the knowledge one
can have from scientific laws, is rather naive. In particular we discuss the
subtle conceptual topic of the initial conditions of phenomena which are
generally incompressible. Starting from this point, we argue that laws of
nature represent more than a pure compression of data, and that the
availability of large amount of data, in general, is not particularly useful to
understand the behaviour of complex phenomena.Comment: 19 Pages, No figures, published on Foundation of Physic
Efficiency of a stirred chemical reaction in a closed vessel
We perform a numerical study of the reaction efficiency in a closed vessel.
Starting with a little spot of product, we compute the time needed to complete
the reaction in the container following an advection-reaction-diffusion
process. Inside the vessel it is present a cellular velocity field that
transports the reactants. If the size of the container is not very large
compared with the typical length of the velocity field one has a plateau of the
reaction time as a function of the strength of the velocity field, . This
plateau appears both in the stationary and in the time-dependent flow. A
comparison of the results for the finite system with the infinite case (for
which the front speed, , gives a simple estimate of the reacting time)
shows the dramatic effect of the finite size.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
About the role of chaos and coarse graining in Statistical Mechanics
We discuss the role of ergodicity and chaos for the validity of statistical
laws. In particular we explore the basic aspects of chaotic systems (with
emphasis on the finite-resolution) on systems composed of a huge number of
particles.Comment: Summer school `Fundamental Problems in Statistical Physics' (Leuven,
Belgium), June 16-29, 2013. To be published in Physica
Linear and anomalous front propagation in system with non Gaussian diffusion: the importance of tails
We investigate front propagation in systems with diffusive and sub-diffusive
behavior. The scaling behavior of moments of the diffusive problem, both in the
standard and in the anomalous cases, is not enough to determine the features of
the reactive front. In fact, the shape of the bulk of the probability
distribution of the transport process, which determines the diffusive
properties, is important just for pre-asymptotic behavior of front propagation,
while the precise shape of the tails of the probability distribution determines
asymptotic behavior of front propagation.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Linear and non-linear thermodynamics of a kinetic heat engine with fast transformations
We investigate a kinetic heat engine model constituted by particles enclosed
in a box where one side acts as a thermostat and the opposite side is a piston
exerting a given pressure. Pressure and temperature are varied in a cyclical
protocol of period : their relative excursions, and
respectively, constitute the thermodynamic forces dragging the system
out-of-equilibrium. The analysis of the entropy production of the system allows
to define the conjugated fluxes, which are proportional to the extracted work
and the consumed heat. In the limit of small and the fluxes
are linear in the forces through a -dependent Onsager matrix whose
off-diagonal elements satisfy a reciprocal relation. The dynamics of the piston
can be approximated, through a coarse-graining procedure, by a Klein-Kramers
equation which - in the linear regime - yields analytic expressions for the
Onsager coefficients and the entropy production. A study of the efficiency at
maximum power shows that the Curzon-Ahlborn formula is always an upper limit
which is approached at increasing values of the thermodynamic forces, i.e.
outside of the linear regime. In all our analysis the adiabatic limit and the the small force limit are not directly
related.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figure
Front Propagation in Chaotic and Noisy Reaction-Diffusion Systems: a Discrete-Time Map Approach
We study the front propagation in Reaction-Diffusion systems whose reaction
dynamics exhibits an unstable fixed point and chaotic or noisy behaviour. We
have examined the influence of chaos and noise on the front propagation speed
and on the wandering of the front around its average position. Assuming that
the reaction term acts periodically in an impulsive way, the dynamical
evolution of the system can be written as the convolution between a spatial
propagator and a discrete-time map acting locally. This approach allows us to
perform accurate numerical analysis. They reveal that in the pulled regime the
front speed is basically determined by the shape of the map around the unstable
fixed point, while its chaotic or noisy features play a marginal role. In
contrast, in the pushed regime the presence of chaos or noise is more relevant.
In particular the front speed decreases when the degree of chaoticity is
increased, but it is not straightforward to derive a direct connection between
the chaotic properties (e.g. the Lyapunov exponent) and the behaviour of the
front. As for the fluctuations of the front position, we observe for the noisy
maps that the associated mean square displacement grows in time as in
the pushed case and as in the pulled one, in agreement with recent
findings obtained for continuous models with multiplicative noise. Moreover we
show that the same quantity saturates when a chaotic deterministic dynamics is
considered for both pushed and pulled regimes.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figure
Statistical mechanics of systems with long-range interactions and negative absolute temperature
A Hamiltonian model living in a bounded phase space and with long-range
interactions is studied. It is shown, by analytical computations, that there
exists an energy interval in which the microcanonical entropy is a decreasing
convex function of the total energy, meaning that ensemble equivalence is
violated in a negative-temperature regime. The equilibrium properties of the
model are then investigated by molecular dynamics simulations: first, the
caloric curve is reconstructed for the microcanonical ensemble and compared to
the analytical prediction, and a generalized Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for
the momenta is observed; then, the nonequivalence between the microcanonical
and canonical descriptions is explicitly shown. Moreover, the validity of
Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem is verified through a numerical study, also at
negative temperature and in the region where the two ensembles are
nonequivalent
Langevin equations from experimental data: the case of rotational diffusion in granular media
A model has two main aims: predicting the behavior of a physical system and
understanding its nature, that is how it works, at some desired level of
abstraction. A promising recent approach to model building consists in deriving
a Langevin-type stochastic equation from a time series of empirical data. Even
if the protocol is based upon the introduction of drift and diffusion terms in
stochastic differential equations, its implementation involves subtle
conceptual problems and, most importantly, requires some prior theoretical
knowledge about the system. Here we apply this approach to the data obtained in
a rotational granular diffusion experiment, showing the power of this method
and the theoretical issues behind its limits. A crucial point emerged in the
dense liquid regime, where the data reveal a complex multiscale scenario with
at least one fast and one slow variable. Identifying the latter is a major
problem within the Langevin derivation procedure and led us to introduce
innovative ideas for its solution
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